| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Temperate deciduous forest ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate deciduous forests or temperate broad-leaf forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm, moist summers and mild winters.〔Archibold, O. W. 1995. ''Ecology of World Vegetation,'' London: Chapman and Hall.〕 The three major areas of this forest type occur in the Northern Hemisphere: eastern North America, eastern Asia,〔(Wen, J. 1999. Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30:421-455 )〕 and Europe. Smaller areas occur in Australasia and southern South America.〔Archibold, O. W. 1995. Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman and Hall. Figure 6.1〕 Examples of typical trees include oak, maple, beech, and elm. The diversity of tree species is higher in regions where the winter is milder, and also in mountainous regions that provide an array of soil types and microclimates.〔Keddy, P.A. 2007, ''Plants and Vegetation: Origins, Processes, Consequences,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.〕 One of the world's great protected examples of this forest type is found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.〔Braun, E. L. 1950, ''Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America,'' New York: Hafner〕〔Whittaker, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26: 1–79.〕
==Ecology==
The principal factor operating in these forests is the seasonal appearance and disappearance of the canopy.〔Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. New York: Hafner.〕 Shade from the canopy limits the growth of many kinds of plants. Many species that are typical of these forests time their growth and flowering to the short period just before the canopy opens; hence they are known as spring ephemerals. Examples include trilliums and bloodroot. Most spring ephemerals are insect-pollinated, and the seeds themselves are often transported by ants,〔Keddy, P.A. 2007. Plants and Vegetation: Origins, Processes, Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.〕 a mode of dispersal known as myrmecochory. There are a smaller number of species able to grow under the canopy, and even a few that grow during the period when leaves are being lost.
Many understory plants have leaf adaptions to cope with low light levels, and the need to exploit moving flecks of light on the forest floor.〔Archibold, O. W. 1995. Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 185-189.〕〔Larcher, W. 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology: Ecophysiology and Stress Physiology of Functional Groups. 3rd edn. New York: Springer-Verlag.〕 A few, such as Indian pipe and Corallorhiza orchids, have adapted to the shade by parasitism. The trees similarly are controlled by shade. Most tree seedlings require small gaps produced by falling trees in order to regenerate. A few require larger gaps such as those produced by windstorms.〔Keddy, P.A. 2007. Plants and Vegetation: Origins, Processes, Consequences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.〕 Gradients of soil moisture, soil depth, elevation and aspect control the distribution of many trees, shrubs and herbaceous species.〔Whittaker, R. H. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 26: 1–79.〕 Some require unusual conditions such as steep slopes, infertile soil, and drought to escape competition from the more common tree species.〔Keddy, P.A. and P. MacLellan. 1990. Centrifugal organization in forests. Oikos 58: 75-84.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Temperate deciduous forest」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|